Universitat Internacional de Catalunya
Structure and Function of the Nervous System, the Endocrine and the Feeling Organs
Other languages of instruction: Catalan
Teaching staff
Sempre que sigui necessari però per facilitar la tasca cal concretar hora per e-mail.
Dr. Albert Pérez-Bellmunt
aperez@uic.es
Dra. Lorena Alonso
lalonso@uic.es
Sr. Luis Llurda.
lllurda@uic.es
Sr. Noe Labata
nlabata@uic.es
Sr. Mathias Simon
sminon@uic.es
Sra. Sara Ortiz
sortiz@uic.es
Introduction
The course Structure and Function of the Nervous System, Endocrine System and Sensory Organs allows us to know how bodily activities are regulated by nerve impulses, and how they contribute to the maintenance of body homeostasis. The description of sensory and motor pathways allows us to understand how the impulses are transmitted to the brain from the spinal cord and from the brain to the muscles and glands. Also, students will study the part of the nervous system that operates without voluntary control, the autonomous nervous system, and will conclude with protection systems. Special interest will go to introducing vascularization in vascular brain diseases and its rehabilitation.
Pre-course requirements
Not specified.
Objectives
1. Know the structure, organization and functions of the nervous system. Know the electrical signals of neurons and how they are transmitted in neuronal synapse.
2. Identify and describe the macroscopic and microscopic morphology of the spinal cord, brainstem, diencephalon and brain as well as their respective functions.
3. Describe the structure of the cerebellum and its connections, and cerebral control over motor functions.
4. Know the electrical signals of neurons and synapse transmission.
5. Describe the neural circuits and know the neurotransmitters. Study the phenomena of regeneration and repair of nerve tissue.
6. Know the ventricular system and cerebral-spinal fluid. Identify the meanings and the delimiting spaces. Describe the vascularization of the Nervous System.
7. Know the composition and function of the autonomous nervous system and neuro-endocrine.
8. Solve clinical problems from the deductions made with the basic knowledge of Anatomy and Physiology of the nervous system applied to the senses.
9. Identify imaging techniques of the elements belonging to the nervous system.
Learning outcomes of the subject
During the course, students will acquire basic knowledge of the central nervous system, peripheral, autonomic and neuroendocrine, macro and microscopic structure. Describe the main coating membranes, arterial and venous vascularitzación, composition and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, and the division and distribution of brain parenchyma and normal marrow.
Should be familiar with accepted international nomenclature as well as being able to cope with both real and simulated cases.
Know and identify physiological changes affecting these systems during the development and life of each individual as well as the different clinical and neuroimaging techniques, basic physiological and pathological study of man.
Syllabus
PART I. PHYSIOLOGY OF CONTROL SYSTEMS: NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE
Unit 1.Introduction:
1.1. Control systems: Introduction to the structure and functioning of the nervous and endocrine system
1.2. Nervous system. Structural and functional organization. Cell types. Regeneration of the Nervous System.
1.3. Endocrine system. Endocrine glands. Hormones: hormone functions. hormone receptors. Regulation of hormone secretion.
Unit 2. FUNCTIONS OF THE NEURON
2.1 NEURO-PHYSIOLOGY. Electrical neuron signals. Neuronal communication: Membrane potential of nerve cells: Resting potential. Action potential. Phases. Refractory periods. Potential threshold. Nerve impulse conduction.
2.2SYNAPSE. Synapse types. Dendrites-soma-axon flow of information. Excitatory synapse, inhibitory and modulatory. Synaptic plasticity. Neuro-muscular synapse. Excitatory and inhibitory potential. Genesis and propagation of action potentials in axons.
2.3 NEUROTRANSMITTERS. Definition and classification. Types of neurotransmitters. NT excitatory and inhibitory. Principles of the neurotransmitters (NTs) of the central nervous system (CNS or SNC in Spanish) and sentinel node procedure (SNP).
Unit 3. SENSORY SYSTEMS
3.1 GENERAL SENSITIVITY. Sensory systems and processes. Transduction. Sensory receptors: Types. Adaptation of receptors Receptor potential. Receptor fields. Somatic and visceral sensations. Proprioceptive and painful tactile sensations.
3.2 SOMATOSENSORY PATHWAYS
Unit 4. MOTOR SYSTEMS
4.1 Motor circuits of the cerebral cortex and the brainstem. Motor circuits of the basal ganglia. Motor circuits of the cerebellum. Spinal reflex circuits. neural control of muscle tone, posture, balance and mobility
4.2 MOTOR PATHWAYS
Unit 5. AUTONOMIC OR VISCERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Visceral sensitivity. Visceral motor responses Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Enteric nervous system. Vegetative functions. Visceral reflexes. Visceral pain
Unit 6. SPECIAL SENSORY SYSTEMS
6.1 VISION. Anatomical memory. Physiology of vision. Visual pathways
6.2 HEARING. Anatomical memory. Physiology of hearing. auditory pathways
6.3 SENSES OF SMELL AND TASTE. Anatomical memory. Physiology. Smell and taste pathways.
Unit 7. BRAINSTEM. CRANIAL PAIR (NERVE) FUNCTIONS
CRANIAL NERVES (NCP): introduction, modalities and function. Summary of cranial pairs (nerves)
Unit 8. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Basic Concepts. Types of glands. Hypothalamic-pituitary axis hormones: adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. Thyroid gland. Kidney glands. Endocrine pancreas
PART II. NEUROANATOMY.
Unit 1. ORGANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS/SNC in Spanish)
1.1. Embryological development of the CNS.
1.2. Regional neuroanatomy of the Central Nervous System. CNS main divisions: Spinal cord. Brainstem and cerebellum. Diencephalon. Brain hemispheres.
Unit 2:STRUCTURES OF PROTECTION AND IRRIGATION THE BRAIN
2.1 the covering of the brain and spinal cord. Skull: anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossa. Cranial ménages. Dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater. venous sinuses of the Dura mater
2.2 Ventricular system: Topographic anatomy of the ventricular system. Formation and Cerebralspinal Fluid (CSF/ LCR in Spanish) circulation.
2.3 Irrigation of the CNS: arterial and venous vascularization of the brain and spinal cord.
UNIT 3: SPINAL CORD AND BRAINSTEM
3.1Spinal cord. external morphology of the spinal cord (ME in Spanish): Segmental Organization. Spinal nerves. Spinal ménages. Internal structure of the Spinal cord (ME in Spanish): grooves and fissures. Gray matter. Horns. White Substance Spinal Tracts.
3.2. Brainstem. External morphology of the brainstem. Dorsal side. ventral side. Internal structure of the brain stem. Apparent origin of the cranial nerves and nuclei.
Unit 4. CEREBELLUM
4.1 External morphology. Internal morphology. Functional Anatomy of the Cerebellum
Unit 5. DIENCEPHALON AND TELENCEPHALON
5.1 Diencephalon. Components. Thalamus: External morphology. Internal organization. Functional organization of the thalamus nuclei
5.2 Cerebrum. Cerebral hemispheres and cerebral cortex. Cerebral cortex turns or gyri cerebri, sulci and lobes of the cortex. Histological structure and functional organization. White matter of the cerebral hemispheres. Fiber types.
5.3 Nuclei of the topographical base and functional anatomy of the nuclei of the base.
5.4. Hypothalamus, limbic and olfactory system. hypothalamic
PART III. PRACTICE PROGRAM
1. Anatomy and physiology of the auditory pathway.
2. Anatomy and physiology of the gustatory pathway.
3. Anatomy and physiology of the visual pathway.
4. Histology of the nervous system.
5. Dissection of protective structures: skull and meninges.
6. Dissection of the brain, brainstem and marrow.
7. Dissection of basal ganglia, thalamus and hypothalamus.
8. Dissection of motor and sensitive path.
9. Motor pathway injuries. Dissection of the polygon of Willis.
10. Dissection of cranial nerves, practice of physiology of cranial reflexes.
11. Encephalogram practice.
12. Reflex practice.
13. Exam.
Teaching and learning activities
In blended
Sempre que les normes de seguretat ho permetin, s'utilitzaran diferents metodologies docents:
Classe magistral (CM), Pràctiques laboratori , Tutoria de grup (TR)
Metodologia en les classes teòrico-pràctiques d'histologia: Una part inicial correspondrà al comentari del tema del dia amb explicacions per part del professor i participació activa amb preguntes i dubtes dels alumnes. La segona part correspondrà a l'examen microscòpic de diverses preparacions histològiques tenyides amb hematoxilina i eosina, per realitzar un treball fotogràfic de les mateixes amb el seu corresponent comentari per part de l'alumne.
Evaluation systems and criteria
In blended
1ª, 3ª i 5ª convocatòria consisteix en: 20% prova parcial, 25 % prova pràctica, 40% prova final i 15 % avaluació continuada.
Prova parcial.
- Data: mirar planificació.
- Tipus de prova: tipus test (que inclou imatges, esquemes, disseccions i imatges de proves diagnòstiques).
- Aquesta prova inclourà tota la matèria treballada fins el dia abans (en les classes magistrals, pràctiques de laboratori i mètodes del cas), així com els continguts inclosos a la bibliografia recomanada.
Prova pràctica.
- Data: el darrer dia de pràctiques al laboratori de dissecció.
- Tipus de prova: 10-15 preguntes relacionades amb els continguts pràctics.
- La pregunta incorrecta no resta.
- La persona que no superi aquest examen no supera l'assignatura.
Prova final.
- Data: a determinar per la coordinadora de curs.
- Tipus de prova: 40-60 preguntes tipus test .
- Entra tota la matèria explicada a les classes (teòriques, pràctiques i mètode del cas), així com els continguts inclosos a la bibliografia recomanada.
- És imprescindible superar aquest examen per poder aprovar l’assignatura.
Avaluació continuada: preguntes, treballs i proves realitzades durant les classes (ja siguin de realitzats de manera oral o per escrit).
OBSERVACIONS:
- Cal superar l'examen final i l'examen pràctic per superar la matèria amb una nota igual o superior a 5.
- Per aprovar l'assignatura cal tenir una nota mitja igual o superior a 5.
- La persona que ha aprovat l'examen pràctic i examen final, però la mitja no supera el 5, haurà de presentar-se a la recuperació de l’examen tipus test i aconseguir un millor resultat d’aquest examen per tal que la mitja surti igual o superior a 5.
2ª, 4ª 6 ª convocatòria consisteix en: 25 % prova pràctica, 55% prova final i 20 % avaluació continuada.
- La prova final i la prova pràctica tenen les mateixes característiques que les convocatòries anteriors.
- La nota de l’avaluació continuada és la nota obtinguda durant la convocatòria anterior.
Bibliography and resources
Tortora - Derrickson. Principios de Anatomía y fisiología (11ª edición). Editorial Panamericana. 2006
Snell. Neuroanatomía clínica. (6ª Edición). Editorial Medica Panamericana.
Schünke. Prometheus. Texto y Atlas de Anatomía. Tomo 3. Cabeza y neuroanatomía. Ed. Panamericana.
Alan Stevens y James Lowe. HISTOLOGÍA HUMANA (3ª edición). Ed. Elsevier. 2006.
A.L. Kierszenbaum. Histología y Biología celular (2ª edición). Ed. Elsevier. 2008.
Berne, Levy. Fisiología, 4a ed. Elsevier (2006)
Silverthorn. Fisiología Humana, un enfoque integrado 4a ed., Panamericana (2008)
Evaluation period
- E1 22/01/2021 A14 10:00h
- E1 22/01/2021 A13 10:00h
- E1 22/01/2021 L10 12:00h
- E2 28/06/2021 10:00h