Universitat Internacional de Catalunya
Body Structure and Function: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Renal Systems
Teaching staff
Students may ask lecturers questions at the end of each class. For enquiries outside of class time, students must make an appointment by email:
Coordinator: Pau Mezquita
Anatomy:
Cardiovascular: Michel Zabalza: mzabalza@uic.es
Respiratory, upper airways: Lectures: F.X. Subirana (fxsubirana@uic.es), Lab: Adriana Agüero, adriaguero82@gmail.com
Respiratory, lower airways: Roser Saumench (rsaumench@uic.es)
Renal: Lectures: Begona Juaneda (mbjuaneda@uic.es), Lab: Eugenia Zegrí, (eugenia.zegri@gmail.com)
Radiology:
Paloma Puyalto: ppuyalto@uic.es
Histology:
Napoleón de la Ossa: ndelaossa@uic.es
Physiology:
Pau Mezquita: pmezquita@uic.es, Lab: Max Canet (maxcanet44@uic.es)
Introduction
The main objective of cardiovascular, respiratory and renal functions is to maintain chemical composition, pH and blood pressure in the vascular system within the limits set by homeostasis. Using the basics of anatomy as a starting point, this course aims at introducing students to physiological mechanisms to help them understand how the three systems respond to the specific demands of different life situations.
Pre-course requirements
None
Objectives
To explore and provide the tools needed to understand the objective of the cardiovascular, respiratory and renal control of these functions and the determination of its main parameters.
Competences/Learning outcomes of the degree programme
- 07 - Understand and recognise normal structure and function of the human body at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organ and systemetic levels, at different stages of life and in both sexes.
- 09 - Understand and recognize the effects, mechanisms and manifestations of disease on the structure and function of the human body.
- 10 - To understand and recognise the agents and risk factors which determine health status, and learn how they determine the symptoms and natural development of acute or chronic diseases in individuals and populations.
- 11 - Understand and recognize the effects of growth, development and aging on the individual and their social environment.
- 12 - Understanding the foundations for action, the indications and efficacy of therapeutic interventions, based on available scientific evidence.
- CTP-3 - To develop critical thinking and reasoning as well as self-assessment skills.
- CTS-2 - To demonstrate sensitivity to environmental issues and act accordingly.
Learning outcomes of the subject
After completing the course, students will understand the characteristics and variables of the cardiovascular, respiratory and renal systems and will be able to establish links between them. In addition, they will acquire specific skills to carry out basic functional scans of each system.
Syllabus
1. ANATOMY MACROSÓPICA
1.1 Embryology of cardiovascular system . Heart : general and external configuration . Internal Configuration : cavities and heart valves. Arterial and venous vasculature of the heart, cardiac innervation. Pericardium .
1.2 Major arterial vessels : pulmonary artery and aorta. Aortic arch and descending aorta. Large venous vessels : superior vena cava and inferior . Lymphatic Vessels .
1.3 Embryology of the respiratory system . Nose and sinuses. Laryngeal cartilage, joints , muscles and vascularity. Trachea : relationships , bronchial tree. Thyroid, parathyroid and thymus .
1.4 Lungs situation , fissures and lobes, hilar pulmonar.Vascularización : arterial, venous and lymphatic . Innervation. Pleura and mediastinum.
1.5 Structure and relationships of the kidneys. Innervation and vascularization . Urinary tract: ureter , bladder, and male and female urethra.
Two . HISTOLOGY
2.1 Blood Vessels . Arteries : elastic arteries , muscular arteries and arterioles . Capillaries. Veins and venules .
2.2 arteriovenous anastomosis . Angiogenesis . Lymphatic system.
2.3 Heart. Endocardium. Heart valves. Infarction . Epicardium and pericardial sac . Driving system .
2.4 Upper Respiratory Tract . Nasal cavity and sinuses. Nasopharynx and adenoids. Larynx: epiglottis , vocal cords.
Lower respiratory tract 2.5 . Trachea. Bronchi. Bronchioles . Distal respiratory tract : alveolar ducts and alveoli . Irrigation lung . Pleura .
2.6 Kidney: renal structure . Renal circulation. Nephron. Glomerulus. Renal tubules . Collecting ducts . Renal interstitium. Juxtaglomerular apparatus .
2.7 lower urinary tract . The urothelial cell. Urinary tract: ureter , bladder and urethra .
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR , RESPIRATORY AND RENAL SYSTEMS
1. Functions of the Circulatory , Respiratory and Renal Systems in the homeostasis of the organism.
1.1 Internal environment . Homeostasis .
1.2 Parameters of the internal environment controlled by the circulatory, respiratory and renal systems.
1.3 Feedback mechanisms ( feeback ) and anticipation ( feedforward ) in the maintenance of homeostasis .
1.4 Functions of the circulatory system : transport bulk flow and diffusion.
1.5 Functions of the circulatory system : mass transport , heat and information .
1.6 Circulatory system : characteristics of the circuit .
1.7 Circulatory system : functional purpose .
Two . Electric activity of the heart .
2.1 Automatic heart .
2.2 Source and propagation of the heart's electrical activity .
2.3 Potential pacemaker action potentials of cells of the sinus node . Ionic mechanisms responsible.
2.4 Pacemakers and latent physiological pacemaker.
2.5 Action potentials of fast fiber phases and ionic mechanisms involved.
2.6 Relationship between the action potential and contraction of cardiomyocytes.
2.7 Electrical stability of the heart.
2.8 Electrocardiogram .
Three . Mechanical activity of the heart .
3.1 contractile activity of cardiomyocytes.
3.2 Sarcomeres
3.3 Mechanism of myocardial contraction
3.4 Excitation-contraction coupling .
3.5 Mechanism of myocardial relaxation .
3.6 Relationship between cytosolic Ca2 + concentration and the intensity of myocardial contraction .
3.7 Relationship between O2 supply , ATP production and strength of myocardial contraction .
April . Regulation of cardiac activity .
4.1 Intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of cardiac activity regulation .
4.2 nervous , and endocrine regulation of cardiac activity .
4.3 Regulation of the electrical activity of the heart .
4.4 Regulation of the mechanical activity of the heart : positive inotropic effect .
4.5 Regulation of the mechanical activity of the heart : lusitropo positive effect.
4.6 Volume - minute heart .
4.7 Frank -Starling Law
4.8 preload , afterload and inotropic
4.9 Regulation of cardiac minute volume .
4.10 Effect of PaO2, PaCO2 and pH on myocardial contractility .
Cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial 4.11 apoptosis.
May . Cardiac cycle .
5.1 Morphological characteristics of functional heart interest.
5.2 Cardiac Cycle
5.3 Changes in ventricular volume during the cardiac cycle.
5.4 Changes in ventricular pressure during the cardiac cycle.
5.5 Changes in blood pressure during the cardiac cycle.
5.6 Changes in atrial pressure during the cardiac cycle.
5.7 heart sounds .
5.8 Pressure-volume diagram of the heart.
5.9 Exploration of the cardiac cycle.
6. Arterial distribution system .
6.1 Role of the distribution system .
6.2 tension of the arterial wall .
6.3 aortic pressure wave .
6.4 Determinants of blood pressure.
6.5 Mechanisms involved in the contraction of smooth muscle of the vessels.
6.6 Mechanisms involved in the relaxation of smooth muscle of the vessels.
6.7 Mechanisms that maintain high blood pressure.
6.8 Mechanism responsible for the decrease in blood pressure.
6.9 Regulation of blood pressure in the short term.
6.10 Regulation of blood pressure in the medium term .
6.11 Regulation of blood pressure over time.
6.12 physiological variations in blood pressure .
6.13 Physiology of the arterial wall.
7. Exchange system .
7.1 Role of the movement of exchange.
7.2 Barrier Endothelial exchange vessels .
7.3 Types of capillaries.
7.4 hemodynamic characteristics of the circulation in the exchange system .
7.5 Mechanisms for exchange.
7.6 Regulation of exchange by blood flow to the tissues.
8. Return systems : lymphatic and venous .
8.1 Functions return systems .
8.2 Role of the lymphatic system.
8.3 Role of the venous system.
8.4 hemodynamic properties of the venous circulation.
8.5 Determinants of venous return.
9. Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis vasculogénsis .
9.1 Formation of new vessels and circulatory function .
9.2 Angiogenesis.
9.3 Vasculogenesis.
9.4 Lymphangiogenesis.
10. Local circulations.
10.1 Characteristics of local circulations.
10.2 Characteristics of local circulations.
10.3 Circulation in the heart.
10.4 Circulation in the brain.
10.5 Circulation in the skeletal muscle.
10.6 Circulation in the splacnic area.
10.7 Circulation in the skin.
11. Ventilation, perfusion and ventilation / perfusion ratio .
11.1 Respiratory function .
11.2 Ventilation .
Perfusion 11.3 : Characteristics of the pulmonary circulation.
11.4 Relationship between pressure and blood flow to the pulmonary circulation.
11.5 Volume of blood in the pulmonary circulation.
11.6 Effects of the force of gravity into the pulmonary circulation .
11.7 Relationship between lung volume and pulmonary circulatory resistance.
11.8 Effect of hypoxia on the pulmonary circulation.
11.9 capillary filtration .
11.10 Dissemination of O2 and CO2.
Ventilation / perfusion ratio 11.11 .
11.12 Chemical modifications of the blood in the pulmonary circulation .
12. Respiratory Mechanics
12.1 Respiratory muscles.
12.2 Elastic properties of the lung.
12.3 Elastic properties of the rib cage .
12.4 Resistors airway .
12.5 Pleural and alveolar pressures during the respiratory cycle .
12.6 breathing work .
13. Transport of gases in the blood.
13.1 Respiratory function and transport of gases in the blood.
13.2 O2 uptake in the lungs and release of CO2.
13.3 Capturing CO2 from the tissues and release of O2 .
13.4 Transportation of nitric oxide by hemoglobin .
13.5 Curves O2 and CO2 transport .
Regulation of pH 13.6 . Henderson- Hasselbach equation .
14. Regulation of respiratory function .
14.1 General characteristics of the regulation of respiratory function .
14.2 Regulation of respiration by decreasing paO2 .
14.3 Regulation of respiration by increasing paCO2 .
14.4 Regulation of respiration by lowering the pH of the blood and the brain extracellular fluid.
14.5 vagal reflexes that modify respiratory function.
14.6 Other reflexes that modify respiratory function.
14.7 Regulation of bronchial muscle tone .
14.8 neural control of breathing.
15. Physiology nephron
15.1 The Nephron : functional unit of the kidney.
15.2 glomerular filtration .
15.3 Autoregulation of renal blood flow.
16. Excretory function of the kidney.
16.1 Glomerular Filtration Rate : inulin clearance .
16.2 tubular reabsorption mechanisms .
16.3 Mechanisms of tubular secretion.
16.4 and urinary excretion .
17. Renal regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance .
17.1 electrolyte balance.
17.2. Regulation of renal Na + , Cl - and water.
17.3 . Mechanism of urine concentration : countercurrent system of the bone .
17.4 . Regulating the osmolality .
17.5 . Balance of Na + and extracellular volume control .
18. Caliemia adjustment , serum calcium , pH and plasma magnesiemia .
18.1 . K + balance .
18.2 . Mécanismes K + secretion in the collecting duct .
18.3 . Renal excretion of K + .
18.4 . Mechanisms of K + secretion in the distal nephron.
18.5 . Homeostatic control of K + secretion .
18.6 . Renal regulation of blood calcium .
18.7 . Fofatemia renal regulation .
18.8 . Magnesiemia renal regulation .
18.9 . Global regulation of serum calcium and serum phosphorus .
18.10 . Renal regulation of plasma pH.
18.11 . Renal mechanisms involved in controlling the pH of plasma.
Teaching and learning activities
In person
Cases and tasks concerning the content of ongoing lessons.
Dissection labs and measurement of physiological parameters.
Evaluation systems and criteria
In person
60% Final exam (1)
10% Dissection test (2)
10% Histology test (2)
5% Cases (2) + 15% weekly online tests (3)
(1) The final assessment consists of a multiple-choice test covering anatomy and physiology content (50%) plus a selection of assignments carried out throughout the semester related to physiology. Students must pass at least 50% of this assessment in order to pass the course.
(2) The percentages for these items will be reapplied to the final exam retake. They can be reapplied as well to further exam calls if necessary, once confirmed with the course coordinator.
(3) Students retaking the course must submit weekly online tests.
Bibliography and resources
G. Tortora. Principios de Anatomía y fisiología, 13a ed. Panamericana (2013).
A. Stevens. Histología humana, 3a ed. Elsevier (2006).
A.L. Kierszenbaum. Histología y Biología celular, 3a ed. Elsevier (2012).
E.N. Marieb. Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed. Pearson Int. Ed. (2013).
Mezquita. Fisiología médica, 2a ed. Panamericana (2018).
W.F.Boron. Medical Physiology, 2nd ed. Sauders (2012).
L.S. Costanzo. Fisiología, 5a ed. Elsevier (2014).
Evaluation period
- E1 10/01/2023 11:30h