Universitat Internacional de Catalunya
Body Structure and Function: Musculoskeletal System
Teaching staff
Whenever the student may need it, full availability but specifying day and time by e-mail. .
Dr. Albert Pérez-Bellmunt (aperez@uic.cat)
Dr. JAcobo Rodriguez-Sanz (jrodriguezs@uic.es)
Dr. Pedro Alvarez (palvarez@uic.es)
Dr. Raul Figa (rfiga@uic.es)
Dra. Analia Elguezabal (aelguezabal@uic.es)
Introduction
The subject of “Structure And Function Of The Human Body” is a fundamental and basic subject containing different branches of knowledge necessary to understand the complexity of the human body. Its branches are gross anatomy (clinical, functional, descriptive and radiological anatomy), microscopic anatomy (histology) and physiology helps us to understand the structure and function of the musculoskeletal system. The justification for this area focuses on the student convey the idea that the human being is a structural and functional unit highly complex and unified.
The subject allows us to study the healthy muskuloskeletal system and see how any alteration breaks its balance. A good doctor must know the human anatomy, physiology and histology to know what structures are located in every area, so as not to harm them in any therapeutic act. The application of the acquired knowledge will lead to the most effective treatment to restore normal function of the musculoskeletal system.
The medical student has to acquire the understanding that the patient is a human being with human and social dimension and establish a good relationship with the patient and not just only limited to purely physical spectrum of the disease. For this to include humanistic and cultural aspects, enhancing the interest of students to acquire not only a series of scientific knowledge, but rather a great intellectual formation.
Pre-course requirements
Not applicable
Objectives
GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
They allow the student to :
- Gain basic knowledge theoretical, practical , functional , radiological and apply to human anatomy head, neck , trunk and extremities of the musculoskeletal .
- Familiar with medical language and international payroll and acquire anatomical self-learning and study habits .
- Apply anatomical and physiological knowledge learned face problems it faces .
- Make judgments or discussion of research topics .
- To learn the use of the microscope as a diagnostic tool.
- Learn the essential characteristics that identify a cell or tissue.
- To introduce students to the combined analysis of clinical and morphological data , using case studies ( ABP ) .
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Specific objectives of Upper Extremity
1. Know the different bones that form the skeleton of the upper extremity.
2 . Identify and describe the morphological and functional characteristics of the different joints of the upper extremity.
3. Describe and analyze the mechanisms involved in the different movements of the upper extremity.
4. Classify, identify and describe the muscles of different regions of the upper extremity.
5. Identify and describe the vessels and nerves of the upper extremity.
6. Identify the different body structures of the shoulder girdle , arm, forearm and hand.
7. Palpate anatomical details of the upper extremity.
8. Clinical Problem Solving from deductions made with the basic knowledge of anatomy and physiology of the upper extremity.
9. Identifiy by imaging techniques, structures different topographical regions of the upper limb.
Specific objectives of Head and Neck
1. Understand and identify the different orman the skeleton bones of the face and skull.
2. Describe the boundaries of the mass endocraneanas major holes and locate the skull.
3. Identify and describe the morphological and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint.
4. Describe and analyze the mechanisms involved in the different movements of the head and neck.
5. Describe and classify the muscles of the head.
6. Identify and describe the vessels and nerves of the face.
7. Probing the various elements that comprise the facial bones.
8. Identify elements of the skull bone and muscle by anatomical preparations in cadavers.
9. Clinical Problem Solving from deductions made with the basic knowledge of anatomy and physiology of the head.
10.Identify and describe the different topographical regions of the head by imaging techniques.
Specific objectives of the Trunk
1. Know the different bones that form the skeleton of the trunk.
2. Identify and describe the morphological and functional characteristics of the different joints of the spine and thorax.
3. Describe and classify different regions muscles of the trunk.
4. Identify and describe the vessels and nerves of the trunk.
5. Identify in the bod , the different structures that are located in the spine , thorax and abdomen.
6. Identify the anatomical details of the trunk by radiological imaging.
7. Palpate certain anatomical details of the spine, abdomen and thorax
8. Clinical Problem Solving from deductions made with the basic knowledge of anatomy and physiology.
Specific objectives of the Lower Extremity
1. Know the different bones that form the skeleton of the lower extremity.
2. Identify and describe the morphological and functional characteristics of the different joints of the lower extremity .
3. Describe and analyze the mechanisms involved in the different movements of the lower extremity.
4. Muscles describe and classify different regions of the lower extremity.
5. Identify and describe the vessels and nerves of the lower extremity.
6. Identify in the body, the elements contained in different topographical regions of the lower extremity.
7. Palpate certain anatomical details of the lower extremity.
8. Clinical Problem Solving from deductions made with the basic knowledge of anatomy and physiology of the lower extremity.
9. Identify and describe the different topographical regions of the lower extremity using imaging techniques.
Competences/Learning outcomes of the degree programme
- 07 - Understand and recognise normal structure and function of the human body at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organ and systemetic levels, at different stages of life and in both sexes.
- 09 - Understand and recognize the effects, mechanisms and manifestations of disease on the structure and function of the human body.
- 10 - To understand and recognise the agents and risk factors which determine health status, and learn how they determine the symptoms and natural development of acute or chronic diseases in individuals and populations.
- 11 - Understand and recognize the effects of growth, development and aging on the individual and their social environment.
- 12 - Understanding the foundations for action, the indications and efficacy of therapeutic interventions, based on available scientific evidence.
Learning outcomes of the subject
After completing the subject the student will know the musculoskeletal system and will be able to establish relationships between them. They will also have specific skills to perform basic functional examinations of the musculoskeletal system with real or simulated patients.
Syllabus
Master Classes. Content Distribution.
PART I. GENERAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Unit 1 Overview of Gross Anatomy. Concept and evolution of anatomy. Method of study. Anatomical position. Axes and planes. Anatomical terminology.
Topic 2 Overview of the skeletal system. Bone: formation, classification and morphology. Bone development. General joint system. Concept. Morphological and functional classification. Study of different types of joints. Overview of the muscular system. Definition and classification. Vascularization and innervation.
Topic 3 microscopic anatomy of skeletal tissues I. compact bone: osteon system. Spongy bone and bone marrow. Periosteum.
Topic 4: Microscopic anatomy of skeletal tissues II. Cartilage: hyaline, elastic and fibrous. Joints. Tendons.
Topic 5 microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle. Sarcomeres. Arrangement of myofilaments. The conduction system of the contractile stimulus.
Topic 6. General physiology: cell and general physiology. Functional organization of the human body and control the internal environment. Cells as living units. Extracellular fluid: internal environment. Homeostatic mechanisms. Control systems of the body.
PART II. Musculoskeletal Organs and Tissues Function
Item 7 physiology of bone tissue and Functions of bone tissue. Composition of bone tissue. Macroscopic and microscopic Rating: characteristics and location.
Item 8 of bone tissue physiology II: Formation of bone tissue. Homeostasis of bone and calcium metabolism relation; control systems.
Item 9 Physiology of the joints. Structural and functional classification. Constituents and physiology of synovial joints: articular cartilage, synovial capsule, discs and meniscus, ligaments, synovial sheaths and bursa.
Item 10 Muscle Physiology. Contraction of skeletal muscle. Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction .. Mechanical contraction of skeletal muscle .. Mechanical properties of strength and conditioning.
Item 11 Type of muscle fibers. Source of energy for muscle contraction: metabolic pathways during exercise. Muscle fatigue. Types of muscle contraction. Formation and smooth muscle contraction.
PART III. CLINICAL AND FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE UPPER LIMB
Topic 13 Introduction to miologia of the upper extremity. Description and biomechanical characteristics.
Topic 14 Introduction to the girdle. Muscles of the shoulder girdle. Muscles connecting the upper extremity to the vertebral column. Muscles connecting the upper extremity to the thorax. Muscles of the scapula. Regional anatomy of the shoulder girdle.
Topic 15 Introduction to the arm compartments. Muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm. Muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm. Regional anatomy of the arm.
Topic 16 Introduction to the forearm. And interosseous membrane compartments. Muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm. Lateral compartment muscles of the forearm. Muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm ..
Topic 17 Introduction to hand. Compartments. Muscles of the thenar compartment. Intermediate compartment muscles. Muscles of the hypothenar compartment. Regional anatomy of the hand.
Topic 18 Innervation of the upper extremity: Introduction. Brachial plexus: constitution. Anterior and posterior collateral branches. Terminal branches of the brachial plexus. Cutaneous innervation and dermatomes.
Topic 19. venous and arterial vascularization of the upper extremity. Palmar arches. Superficial venous vessels and their characteristics. Major vessels and lymph nodes.
PART IV. CLINICAL AND FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF HEAD AND NECK
Topic 20 Introduction to miologia head and neck. Description and biomechanical characteristics. Facial expression.
Item 21 muscles of the face and skull. Muscles of mastication.
Item 22 of the neck muscles. Muscles of the neck. Muscles of the back. Muscles of the anterior region.
Item 23 Innervation of the head and neck: Introduction. Cervical plexus: constitution. Collateral branches and terminal branches. Cutaneous innervation and dermatomes.
Item 24 venous and arterial vascularization of the head and neck. Superficial venous vessels and their characteristics. Major vessels and lymph nodes.
PART V. CLINICAL AND FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE TRUNK
Topic 25 Introduction to the trunk. Description, location, division and biomechanical characteristics.
26. dorsal trunk muscles (muscles of the spine). Chest muscles.
Item 27 Abdominal muscles. Diaphragm muscle. Respiratory mechanics. Movements of the chest wall. Regional anatomy of the trunk.
Item 28: Innervation. Arterial and venous trunk. Superficial venous vessels and their characteristics. Major vessels and lymph nodes.
PART VI. CLINICAL AND FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE LOWER LIMB
Topic 29 Introduction to miologia lower limb. Description and biomechanical characteristics.
Topic 30 Introduction to the pelvis. Compartments. Pelvic Muscles: Muscles of the Anterior iliac region. Muscles of the gluteal region. Regional anatomy.
Topic 31 Introduction to the thigh: Compartments. Muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh. Muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh. Muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh. Regional anatomy of the thigh.
Topic 32 Introduction to the leg: and interosseous membrane compartments. Muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg. Lateral compartment muscles of the leg. Muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg. Regional anatomy of the leg.
Topic 33 Introduction to the foot. Compartments. Classification of muscles. Dorsal muscles of the foot. Medial plantar muscles. Plantar muscle power. Lateral plantar muscles.
Item 34 Innervation of the lower extremity: lumbosacral plexus: concept and constitution. Collateral branches and terminal branches of the lumbar plexus. Terminal branches of the sacral plexus. Cutaneous innervation and dermatomes.
Item 35 arterial and venous lower limb. Plantar arches. Superficial venous vessels and their characteristics. Major vessels and lymph nodes.
Methods of the case. Distribution content.
PART I. CLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY
Practice 1 Clinical Physiology of bone tissue. Apply knowledge of bone physiology in solving clinical cases. Current scientific articles in the field of physiology and clinical bone tissue. Laws bone growth.
Practice 2 Clinical Physiology of muscle tissue. Application of knowledge on muscle physiology resolution of clinical cases. Current scientific articles in the field of clinical physiology and muscle tissue. Fatigue, DOMS, muscular dystrophies, muscle metabolism.
PART II. Descriptive anatomy, Functional, radiological and clinical upper extremity.
3 Practical Introduction to the study of the osteology and artrologia of the upper extremity. Overview of the upper extremity. Biomechanical functions and requirements.
Practice 4 Artrologia the upper limb girdle I.. Clinical cases. Clinical anatomy. Scientific articles. Radiological anatomy. Descriptive and functional anatomy.
Practice 5 Artrologia the upper limb II. The shoulder joint. Clinical cases. Clinical anatomy. Scientific articles. Radiological anatomy. Descriptive and functional anatomy.
6 Artrologia Practice III upper extremity. The elbow joint. Clinical cases. Clinical anatomy. Scientific articles. Radiological anatomy. Descriptive and functional anatomy.
Practice 7 Artrologia upper extremity IV. The wrist joint and joints of the hand. Clinical cases. Clinical anatomy. Scientific articles. Radiological anatomy. Descriptive and functional anatomy.
PART III. Descriptive anatomy, Functional, radiological and clinical head and neck.
8 Practical Introduction to the study of the osteology and artrologia the head and neck. Standards for the radiological study of the skull.
Practice 9 Osteology of the skull. Braincase and víscerocrani. Main reliefs and foramina. Relations clinics.
Practice 10 Artrologia head and neck. Temporomandibular joint. Sutures. Joints and atlantooccipital atlantoaxoidea.
PART IV. Descriptive anatomy, Functional, radiological and clinical trunk
11 Practical Introduction to the study of the osteology and artrologia trunk. Whole ribcage, sternum, vertebrae and ribs.
Practice 12 Artrologia trunk. Intervertebral joints: intersomàtiques, interapofisiàries, lumbosacral and sacrococcygeal. Esternocostals joints. Costovertebrals joints.
PART II. Descriptive anatomy, Functional, radiological and clinical upper extremity.
13 Practical Introduction to the study of the osteology and artrologia lower limb. Overview of the lower limb. Biomechanical functions and requirements.
Practice 14 Artrologia lower limb I. pelvis. Clinical cases. Clinical anatomy. Scientific articles. Radiological anatomy. Descriptive and functional anatomy.
Practice 15 Artrologia lower limb II. The hip joint. Clinical cases. Clinical anatomy. Scientific articles. Radiological anatomy. Descriptive and functional anatomy.
Practice 16 Artrologia lower limb III. The knee joint. Clinical cases. Clinical anatomy. Scientific articles. Radiological anatomy. Descriptive and functional anatomy.
Practice 17 Artrologia lower limb IV. The ankle joint and foot joints. Clinical cases. Clinical anatomy. Scientific articles. Radiological anatomy. Descriptive and functional anatomy.
Laboratory Practices. Distribution content.
PART I. GENERAL ANATOMY
Practice Standards 1, hygiene and material laboratory dissection and osteoteca. Importance of altruism and donation of the body. General anatomy. Anatomical position. Axes and planes.
Practice 2 anatomical dissection of the musculoskeletal system: bones, muscles and joints. Dissection by planes. Dissection of the vascular system.
PART II. CLINICAL AND FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE UPPER LIMB:
Practice 3 Dissection of the shoulder girdle: study artrologia and muscles connecting the upper extremity to the vertebral column and thorax. Muscles of the scapula. Correlation with clinical and anatomical imaging (CT, MRI) slices with sectional anatomy.
Practice 4 Dissection of the arm and the elbow: study of artrologia miologia elbow and arm (anterior and posterior). Correlation with clinical and anatomical imaging (CT, MRI) slices with sectional anatomy.
Practice 5 Dissection of the forearm and hand: a study of artrologia and miologia forearm and hand. Correlation with clinical and anatomical imaging (CT, MRI) slices with sectional anatomy.
Practice 6 Dissection of vascularization and innervation of the shoulder girdle and arm. Axillary cavity: clinical features and boundaries. Casting elbow.
Practice 7 Dissection of vascularization and innervation of the forearm and hand. Channel pulse.
Sectional Anatomy and Clinical Practice 8 of the upper extremity. Correlation with clinical and anatomical imaging (CT, MRI) slices with sectional anatomy.
PART III. CLINICAL AND FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF HEAD AND NECK
Practice 9 Dissection of the muscles of the face: mime muscles. Correlation with clinical and anatomical imaging (CT, MRI) slices with sectional anatomy.
Practice 10 Dissection of temporomandibular joint and muscles of mastication.
Practice 11 Dissection of the cervical region. Correlation with clinical and anatomical imaging (CT, MRI) slices with sectional anatomy.
12 Practical Dissection vascularization and innervation of the head and neck
PART IV. CLINICAL AND FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE TRUNK
Practice 13 Dissection of the muscles of the dorsal trunk. Correlation with clinical and anatomical imaging (CT, MRI) slices with sectional anatomy.
Practice 14 Dissection of the muscles of the chest. Study artrologia and miología. Diaphragm. Correlation with clinical and anatomical imaging (CT, MRI) slices with sectional anatomy.
Practice 15 Dissection of abdominal muscles. Correlation with clinical and anatomical imaging (CT, MRI) slices with sectional anatomy.
Practice 16 Dissection of the perineum. Clinical anatomy of the perineum.
Practice 17 Dissection of diaphragm. Clinical anatomy of the diaphragm.
18 Practical Dissection vascularization and innervation of the trunk
PART V. CLINICAL AND FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE LOWER LIMB
Practice 19 Dissection of the pelvic girdle: artrologia study of the pelvic girdle and pelvic miologia.
Practice 20 Dissection of the thigh and knee: a study of artrologia miologia knee and thigh.
Practice 21 Dissection of the leg and foot: a study of artrologia miologia ankle and leg and foot.
22 Practical Dissection vascularization and innervation of the pelvic girdle and thigh, leg and foot
PART VI. PRACTICAL HISTOLOGY
Practice 23 Overview of the microscope and laboratory visits. Introduction to Histology. Concept and classification of tissue. Organs and systems. Organization and operation of the Laboratory of Histology: inclusion in paraffin and frozen sections. Staining techniques: histochemical e immunohistochemistry. Electron microscopy.
24 Practice Exam I. microscopic skeletal bone tissue.
25 Practice Exam microscopic skeletal tissues II. Cartilage.
26 Practice Exam III microscopic skeletal tissues. muscle.
27 Practice Exam microscopic skeletal tissues IV. Peripheral nervous tissue.
PART V. ROLE OF LOCOMOTOR
Practice 28 Clinical examination of the musculoskeletal system.
29 Practical Electromyography. Recruitment of fibers and regulate muscle strength. Fatigue.
Teaching and learning activities
In person
Different teaching and learning methodologies will be implemented:
Lecture (CM) face to face.
Case method (MC) face to face.
Laboratory Practices (PL) face to face, are mandatory for students in 1st call. To achieve them is essential to use gowns and gloves. Not allowed to enter the classroom practices folders or bags.
Tutoring group (TR).
Virtual Learning (AV).
Evaluation systems and criteria
In person
1st Exam Session.
The final grade will be calculated using the following evaluated activities:
- 20% Midterm Exam
- 30% Practical Exam
- 40% Final Exam
- 10% In-class exercises and quizzes via Moodle
Midterm Exam (20%).
- Type of exam: 30 multiple choice questions* approximately (includes images, outlines, dissections, and diagnostic test images).
- This exam includes all of the material that has been worked till the day before (in lecture classes, laboratory practices, and case studies), as well as the contents included in the recommended bibliography.
Practical Exam (30%). Consists of two portions that you must pass independently (histology exercises and anatomy exercises).
- It is important that each student passes both parts (histology and anatomy) independently to pass the class.
Final Exam (40%).
- Type of exam: 80-100 multiple choice questions*.
- All of the material explained in the classes (theoretical, practical, or case studies), as well as the contents included in the recommended bibliography.
- It is necessary to pass this exam in order to pass the class.
In-class exercises in theoretical and practical classes (10%).
*The question answered incorrectly will subtract points, whereas the question left blank does not.
Students that are repeating the course (3rd Exam Session).
The final grade will be obtained from the sum of the following evaluated activities:
- 20% Midterm Exam.
- 30% Practical Exam. Consists of two parts (histology and anatomy) that the student must pass independently in order to pass the course.
- 50% Final Exam.
- It is necessary to pass the practical exams and finals independently to pass the course.
Makeup Sessions (2nd and 4th exam sessions)
The final grade will be calculated using the sum of the following evaluated activities:
- 30% Practical Exam
- 70% Final Exam
- It is necessary to pass both exams in order to pass the course.
Bibliography and resources
BASIC BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anatomy
Lorente, Miguel, Pérez y Escalona. Manual de miología. Ed. Masson-Elsevier.
Schünke. Prometheus. Texto y Atlas de Anatomía. Tomo1 Anatomía General y Aparato Locomotor. Ed. Panamericana.
KAPANDJI, A.I. . Fisiología Articular. 6ª ed. Editorial Panamericana (2007).
Moore K.L.: Anatomía con orientación clínica. Editorial Panamericana. 1996.
DRAKE, R.L., VOGL, W., MITCHEL, A.W.M. (2010). Gray. Anatomía para estudiantes. 2ª ed. Editorial Elsevier
ROHEN, J.W., YOKOCHI, Ch. (2011). Atlas fotográfico de Anatomía humana. 7ª ed. Editorial Elsevier
Physiology
Guyton - Hall. Tratado de fisiología médica 12ª edición. Ed. Elsevier. 2011.
Mezquita C. Fisiología médica. Del razonamiento fisiológico al razonamiento clínico. Barcelona: Panamericana; 2011.
Levy, M.N, Berne, R. M., Koeppen, B.M., Stanton, B. A. Fisiología. 6ª ed. Barcelona: Elsevier; 2009.
Córdova, A. [et al.]. Fisiología dinámica. Barcelona: Masson; 2003.
Fox, S.I. Fisiología humana. 7ª ed. Madrid: McGraw-Hill, Interamericana; 2003.
Tresguerres, J.A.F. Fisiología humana. 3º ed. Madrid: McGraw-Hill, Interamericana; 2005.
Tortora - Derrickson. Principios de Anatomía y fisiología (11ª edición).Médica Editorial Panamericana. 2006.
Histology
Alan Stevens y James Lowe. HISTOLOGÍA HUMANA (3ª edición). Ed. Elsevier. 2006.
A.L. Kierszenbaum. Histología y Biología celular (2ª edición). Ed. Elsevier. 2008.
Welsch. Sobotta Histología (2ª ed). Ed. Panamericana. 2009.
COMPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY
Federal Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) - Sociedad Anatómica Española (SAE) – International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA). Terminología Anatómica. 1ª ed. 2001; Editorial Medica Panamericana.
FENEIS, H., DAUBER, W. Nomenclatura anatómica ilustrada. 5ª ed. Editorial Elsevier. 2006
Rouvière H. Anatomía Humana. Editorial Masson.1988.
F.Netter. Atlas de anatomía humana. Ed.MassonSobotta. Atlas de anatomía humana. Ed.Panamericana
Thibodeau, G.A. Patton K.T. Anatomía y fisiología. 4ª ed. Madrid: Harcourt; 2007.
Evaluation period
- E1 09/01/2023 09:00h