Universitat Internacional de Catalunya

Structure and Function: Gastrointestinal and Reproductive Systems

Structure and Function: Gastrointestinal and Reproductive Systems
6
13485
2
First semester
OB
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE HUMAN BODY
Main language of instruction: Catalan

Other languages of instruction: English, Spanish

Teaching staff


Questions will be addressed before or after class to the professor.

If necessary, contact the course coordinator: Mireia Armengol Alsina – marmengol@uic.es

 

Introduction

The aim of this course follows the approach of the Structure and Function courses offered by UIC and is based on explaining the anatomy, physiology and histology of the digestive system and the reproductive system in an integrated manner. On the one hand, human reproductive function allows the perpetuation of the species and the establishment of the conditions necessary for the survival of the offspring during the first stage of life. The first part of this course introduces the anatomical basis and human reproductive function in both sexes, the maternal changes that occur as a consequence of pregnancy, the main milestones of embryological and fetal development and the mechanisms responsible for childbirth and lactation. On the other hand, the human organism needs a diversity of nutrients to regenerate its structures and obtain energy, and the second part of this course will provide the key concepts for understanding the mechanisms of food intake, digestion and absorption.

This course contributes to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda, especially to SDGs 3, 9, 10, 12 and 17, through the promotion of health, people's well-being, biomedical innovation, social equity, transparency of results and strategic partnerships for scientific and social progress.

Pre-course requirements

Basic knowledge of biochemistry, molecular and cellular biology.

Objectives

Understand the anatomy, histology and physiology of the reproductive and digestive systems.

Competences/Learning outcomes of the degree programme

  • CN06 - Describe the anatomical, physiological and histological aspects of the organs and systems in the human body at different stages in life, in both sexes.
  • CN07 - Identify the structure, function and action mechanisms of the components of the immune system, both when healthy or when experiencing a pathology.
  • CP02 - Apply scientific methodology to interpret practical or theoretical data by evaluating situations and results from a critical and constructive point of view.
  • CP05 - Apply biological foundations in the search for practical solutions to health problems, following ethical standards and scientific rigour and respecting fundamental equal rights between men and women, and the promotion of human rights and the values inherent in a peaceful society of democratic values that includes inclusive, non-discriminatory language without stereotypes.

Learning outcomes of the subject

By the end of the course, students should be able to:

  • Microscopically recognize the main tissues involved in digestive and reproductive functions.

  • Distinguish the shape, structure, and functions of the human digestive and reproductive systems.

  • Relate the macroscopic and microscopic structure of the digestive and reproductive systems to their respective physiological functions.

  • Identify the main physiological processes involved in digestion, nutrient absorption, and human reproduction.

  • Analyze the role of hormones in regulating digestive and reproductive functions, as well as in sexual development.

  • Interpret the functional and structural changes that occur during pregnancy, childbirth, and lactation, and their relationship to reproductive physiology.

Syllabus

BLOCK I: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

A) STRUCTURE OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

  • Macroscopic structure:

    • Male reproductive system: testicles and scrotal sac. Spermatic ducts, prostate, penis.

    • Female reproductive system: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina. Breast.

  • Microscopic structure:

    • Male reproductive system: testicle and epididymis. Excretory ducts, prostate, and penis.

    • Female reproductive system: vagina, uterus, ovary, and breast.

    • Pregnancy: breast and placenta.

B) FUNCTION OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

  1. Sexual determination and differentiation in males and females: involved factors. Phenotype and sexual identity. Disorders of sexual differentiation.

  2. Gonadal function and its regulation.

  3. Physiology of the sexual response.

  4. Sex hormones: function of sex hormones. Types of steroid hormones. Mechanisms of action.

  5. Pregnancy, childbirth, and lactation. Fertilization and implantation. Functions of the placenta. Maternal changes associated with pregnancy.

BLOCK II: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

A) STRUCTURE OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

  • Macroscopic structure: abdomen and pelvis. Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, and rectum. Liver. Pancreas.

  • Microscopic structure: mouth and salivary glands. Esophagus and stomach. Small and large intestine. Liver and pancreas.

B) PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

  1. Motor activities of the digestive tract. Functions of the digestive tract. Chewing, swallowing, and esophageal transit. Motor activity of the stomach. Motor activity of the small intestine. Motor activity of the colon. Vomiting.

  2. Secretory activities of the digestive tract. Salivary secretion. Gastric secretion. Pancreatic secretion. Bile secretion. Intestinal secretion.

  3. Digestion and absorption. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Digestion of proteins and absorption of peptides and amino acids. Digestion and absorption of lipids. Absorption of water and electrolytes.

  4. Liver functions. Functions of hepatocytes. Liver storage functions. Functions of endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, stellate cells, and cholangiocytes.

Teaching and learning activities

In person



  • Lectures CM (28 teaching hours): presentation of theoretical topics by the teaching staff.

  • Clinical-scientific cases or case method MC (20 teaching hours): presentation of a real or hypothetical situation. Students work on the proposed questions in small groups or through active interaction with the instructor, and the answers are discussed. The instructor actively participates and, if necessary, provides additional knowledge.

  • Anatomy and histology labs (12 teaching hours): study of micro- and macroscopic anatomy using histological sample slides of various tissues and virtual or simulated models. The instructor distributes visual materials and explains their structure and relationships.

Evaluation systems and criteria

In person



1st examination period:

The final mark for the course is broken down as follows:

Component

%

Reproductive system mid-term test

10%

Digestive system mid-term test

10%

Final theory exam

45%

Assessment of the case methods

30%

Continuous assessment

5%

TOTAL

100%

Mid-term tests:

-       Date: see the course schedule

-       Type of test: 20 multiple-choice questions (17 on physiology, 3 on anatomy), with 4 answer options.

-       Each block of the course (reproductive or digestive) will have a mid-term test assessing all the material taught in the corresponding block, except for the contents of the case methods, which will be assessed independently (see the corresponding section).

-       The result of these two tests will account for a total of 20% of the final mark (10% each mid-term test)

-       An incorrect answer deducts 0.33. An unanswered question does not deduct marks.

 Final exam:

-       Date: see the course schedule.

-       Type of test: 40 multiple-choice questions: 20 per block (reproductive/digestive, with the same proportions as the mid-term tests), with 4 answer options.

-       It covers all the material explained in class (theory and practical sessions), as well as the contents included in the recommended bibliography, except for the contents of the case methods, which will be assessed independently (see the corresponding section).

-       Passing this exam is essential in order to pass the course.

-       The result of this exam will account for 45% of the final mark for the course.

-       An incorrect answer deducts 0.33. An unanswered question does not deduct marks.

Assessment of the case methods

-       Independent assessment, carried out by the teachers responsible for each block.

-       Each block of the course (reproductive and digestive) includes 5 case methods: 4 on physiology and 1 on histology.

-       The case methods as a whole will account for 30% of the final mark for the course, distributed proportionally between the blocks and the cases.

-       Attendance at and completion of the case methods are not compulsory. Each one is marked independently according to its corresponding weight within the total 30%. If a student does not attend or does not complete a case method, this section will count as 0 in the calculation of the final weighted mark, without this preventing them from passing the course.

-       Resolution of clinical cases / scientific application: Assessment activities will be carried out at the end of or during classes, and may take the form of multiple-choice tests, oral presentations, written assignments or whatever the teacher considers appropriate for each clinical case.

Specific methodology for each block of case methods:

-       Physiology (reproductive block):Three days will be devoted to clinical case work. Based on the contents covered, students will work in groups to conceptualise a research project through a role play in which each team member plays a character involved in the project ideation process. On the last case day, a project assessment session will be held in which each team will present the project they have developed for 5-10 minutes and the remaining students will form the assessment panel, emulating a competitive project review panel. The assessment will take into account the project presented (40%), the individual presentation (40%) and the contribution as a member of the assessment panel (20%). 

-       Physiology (digestive block): The case method sessions will be carried out through cooperative work in small groups. Based on a worksheet provided by the teaching staff, students will analyse and discuss a case or a problem related to the course contents, distributing the different questions among the members of the group so that everyone participates actively in the search for information, critical analysis and the integration of knowledge. Subsequently, each group will present its conclusions to the rest of the class in a brief, structured and coherent presentation. All members of the group must take part in the presentation, presenting the part of the work they have developed, with the aim of fostering both individual responsibility and collaborative work and scientific communication skills. The session will end with an individual assessment activity on the contents worked on and presented by all the groups, in order to encourage active participation, attention during the presentations and the consolidation of learning.

-       Histology: The case method sessions will be based on the analysis and interpretation of histological images related to the contents covered. Students, in small groups, will be able to consult theoretical material and information sources in order to produce, within a short time, a reasoned answer to the questions posed. The assessment will mainly take into account active participation, the ability to relate concepts and critical and creative reasoning. Particular value will be placed on the justification of the proposals and the reasoning process, rather than on reaching a necessarily correct answer.

 

Continuous assessment:

-       Questions asked during classes (both orally and in writing). This includes possible Moodle quizzes, which may be announced in advance or may be unannounced (with no prior notice in the class itself), and the teacher's assessment of attitude.

-       The score obtained in this section will account for 5% of the final mark for the course.

REMARKS:

-       Classes may be taught in Catalan, Spanish or English, according to the preference of the teacher of each class.

-       Teachers are not obliged to provide supporting class material, and if they do, they will decide the language in which they do so according to their preference.

-       Passing the course requires both (1) and (2):

  • (1) passing the final theory exam, and
  •  (2) that the final weighted mark (according to the established percentages) is equal to or higher than 5.

-       Thus:

  • If, even having passed the final exam, the overall mark for the course is not equal to or higher than 5, the course will not be considered passed and the student will have to sit the next examination period.
  • If a mark equal to or higher than 5 is not obtained in the final exam, the remaining marks obtained will not be taken into account for the final mark and the student will have to sit the next examination period.

 2nd examination period:

The final mark for the course in the second examination period is broken down as follows:

Component

%

Final theory exam

50%

Mid-term tests (mark carried over from the 1st examination period)

20%

Case methods (mark carried over from the 1st examination period)

30%

TOTAL

100%

-        The marks for the mid-term tests and the case methods obtained during the 1st examination period are carried over; they cannot be retaken or repeated.

-       Continuous assessment is not taken into account in this examination period.

-        Passing the final exam is essential

-       Type of test: 40 questions: 20 per block (reproductive/digestive, with 3 questions/block on anatomy and 17 questions/block on physiology), with 4 answer options. An incorrect answer deducts 0.33; an unanswered question does not deduct marks. The content

-       It covers all the material explained in class (theory and practical sessions), as well as the contents included in the recommended bibliography, except for the contents of the case methods, which are carried over from the previous examination period. 

3rd and 4th examination periods:

They work in the same way as the 1st and 2nd examination periods, but attendance at the practical sessions is not compulsory if the student attended them in the 1st examination period.

For the case methods, students must choose between two assessment options and notify their choice within 30 days of the start of the course:

-       Option A — Attend and complete the case methods:

Component

%

Final theory exam

50%

Mid-term tests (10% each block)

20%

Case methods

30%

TOTAL

100%

 

-       Option B — Not attending the case methods, with their content assessed as part of the theory exams:

Component

%

Final theory exam

70%

Mid-term tests (15% each block)

30%

TOTAL

100%

 

Once the chosen option has been notified, it is binding for the whole examination period and cannot be changed.

Final exam: a final exam covering both blocks will be held, with the same characteristics as the final exam of the 1st examination period (Option A) or extended to 60 questions, including case method questions (Option B). A mark equal to or higher than 5 in the final exam is essential in order to pass the course.

5th and 6th examination periods: work in the same way as the 3rd and 4th.

 

Other points to bear in mind:

1) Class attendance:

  • Regular attendance at theory classes, practical sessions and case methods is recommended.
  • Attendance at lectures is not compulsory, but those attending must comply with the rules indicated by the teachers. The expulsion of a student from a lecture, practical class or case method will have a negative impact on continuous assessment.
  • Attendance at case methods is optional, but their content will be assessed as described above. 
  • Attendance at practical sessions is compulsory.
  • If a student arrives more than 5 minutes late to class, the teacher may refuse them entry.

 

2) Improper use of electronic devices such as mobile phones, tablets or laptops may result in expulsion from class. Improper use is understood to include the recording and distribution of images of students or teachers during lessons, as well as the use of these devices for recreational rather than educational purposes. If a student enters the laboratories with a phone, the teacher has the authority to fail them in the course.

Bibliography and resources

  • Silverthorn. Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 8th ed. Panamericana (2019)

  • G. Tortora. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 11th ed. Panamericana (2006)

  • Drake, R.L. et al. Gray’s Anatomy for Students, 2nd ed. Elsevier (2010)

  • A. Stevens. Human Histology, 3rd ed. Elsevier (2006)

  • A.L. Kierszenbaum. Histology and Cell Biology, 2nd ed. Elsevier (2008)

  • Mezquita. Medical Physiology, 1st ed. Panamericana (2011)

  • Guyton & Hall. Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th ed. Elsevier (2016)